Polykrikos schwartzii

From Black Sea Phytoplankton checklist

Polykrikos schwartzii Bütschli 1873

= Polykrikos auricularia Bergh (other synonyms)

Classification

Chromista (Kingdom) > Myzozoa (Phylum) > Dinophyceae (Class) > Gymnodiniales (Order) > Polykrikaceae (Family) > Polykrikos (Genus)

WoRMS: 341581

Properties

Environment: marine
Type:heterotroph
Bioluminescence:Poupin, J.P., A.S. Cussatlegras & P. Geistdoerfer, 1999 (Atlantic Ocean); Tett P.B., 1971 (Atlantic Ocean); C.L.J. Marcinko et al., 2013
Black Sea bioluminescence: Bityukov E. P., Evstigneev P. V., Tokarev Yu. N., 1993

Occurrence

	References
Black Sea	Morozova-Vodyanitskaya N.V., 1954; Gomez F. & Boicenko L., 2004; Mikaelyan A.S. et al., 2008; Bryantseva Yu., 2000; Sukhanova I. N., Belyaeva T. V., 1980; Ivanov A.I., 1965; Bityukov E. P., Evstigneev P. V., Tokarev Yu. N., 1993; Sukhanova I. N. & A. Ye. Cheban, 1990
Bulgaria	Konsulov A., 1998
Geogria
Romania	Petranu A., 1997; Bodeanu N., 1987-1988
Russia	O.Yasakova, 2010 (NE)
Turkey	Ozturk B., 1998; Eker E., 1998
Ukraine	Senicheva M.I., 2008 (Sevastopol Bay, Sevastopol coastal zone, Laspi Bay, Karadag); Zaitsev Y.P. & B.G. Alexandrov, 1998; Polikarpov I.G. et al., 2003; Krahmalniy A.; Bryantseva Yu., 2010; Nesterova D.A., Terenko L.M., Terenko G.V., 2006 (NW); Ryabushko L.I., 2003; Dereziuk, N., 2008; Nesterova D.A., Terenko L.M., 2009; Senichkina L.G. et al., 2001; Krakhmalny A. F., 2011a

Morphometry

Ref	Region	Length (µm)	Width (µm)	Thickness (µm)	Flattering factor
Kiselev I.A., 1950	Baltic, Japan, Northern, Mediterranean seas, Atlantic ocean	140 (colony of 8 cells). 15 (1 cell)	65

Cell volume

	Minimum	Average	Maximum	Database
1	18086	210935,1	858397	Cell volumes of phytoplankton of the Black Sea A.S.Mikaelyan, L.G.Senichkina, L.A.Pautova, L.V.Georgieva, V.Dyakonov
2	7330.4	67031.3	356257.4	Bryantseva Yu., 2000. Changes in structural characteristic of phytoplankton in the Black Sea
3	135773.7		775849.5	Dereziuk, N., 2008. List of Phytoplankton Species Observed in the Water Area near the Zmiinyi Island in 2004-2007
4	43982.3	155134.2	356890	Bryantseva Yu., 2010. Sevastopol Bay phytoplankton monitoring database 2008 -2009
5				Сеничкина Л.Г., 1983. Фитопланктон северо-западной части Черного моря в зимний период 1979.
6				Нестерова Д. А., 2003. Фитопланктон западной части Черного моря в летний период 1987.

* (volumes are in cubic microns), values extracted from database

Volume and surface area calculation

	Shape
Simple shape	prolate spheroid
K(flattening factor)	1
More accurate shape	-

Hillebrand et al., 1999 - ellipsoid (Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C. D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, D. and Zohary, T. (1999) Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. J. Phycol., 35, 403–424)

Appearance in checklists

1886

1900

1950

2000

2010

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	33	34	35	36	38	49	54	55	56	57
x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x				x						x			x	x			x		x		x

58	63	67	68	72	73	74	75	77	78	84	85	86	87	88	89	92	93	94	99	100	101	102	103	105	108	109	110	116	117	118	119	120	123	125
			x								x							x

References

Bityukov E. P., Evstigneev P. V., Tokarev Yu. N., 1993. Luminescent dinoflagellata of the Black Sea as affected by anthropogenic factors. Hydrobiological Journal, Vol. 29: 27-34.

Bodeanu N., 1987-1988. Structure et dynamique d'algoflore unicellulaire dans les eaux du littoral roumain de la mer Noire. Recherches marines(20/21): 19 - 250.

Bryantseva_Yu.,_2000. Variability of the Black Sea phytoplankton structural characteristics. PhD thesis, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, NASU.

Bryantseva Yu., 2010. Sevastopol Bay phytoplankton monitoring database. Database.

Dereziuk_N.,_2008. List of Phytoplankton Species Observed in the Water Area near the Zmiinyi Island in 2004-2007. In: Zmiinyi Island. Ecosystem of Coastal Waters: monograph, Astroprint, Odesa, Ch. XII: 208-218.

Eker, E. 1998. Abundance and biomass of micro and nanophytoplankton in the northwestern and southern Black Sea in 1995. Master thesis, Middle East Technical University, IMS.

Gomez_F.,_Boicenko_L.,2004. An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea. Hidrobiologia, Vol. 517: 43-59.

Ivanov_A.I.,_1965. Characteristics of the qualitative composition of Black Sea phytoplankton. In: The study of plankton of the Black and Azov seas, Naukova dumka, Kiev: 17-35.

Konsulov A., 1998. Black Sea Biological Diversity, Bulgaria. Black Sea Environmental Series, Vol. 5, United Nations Publication, New York, 131 pp.

Krakhmalny A. F., 2011a. Dinophyta of Ukraine (illustrated book for identification). Kiev:Alterpres, 444 pp.

Krakhmalny A.F., Panina Z.A., Krakhmalny M.A., 2006. In P.M.Tsarenko and S.P.Wasser and E.Nevo (ed.): Dinophyta. Algae of Ukraine: Diversity, Nomenclature, Taxonomy, Ecology and Geography, Ruggell. A.R.A. Gantner Verlag K.G., Liechtenstein, Vol. 1: 470-532.

Mikaelyan_A.S._et_al.,_2008. Cell volumes of phytoplankton of the Black Sea. Database.

Morozova-Vodyanitskaya_N.V.,_1954. Phytoplankton of the Black Sea: Part 2. Tr. Sevast. Biol. Stantsii, Vol. 8: 11-99.

Nesterova D.A., Terenko L.M., 2009. Karkinit Bay phytoplankton in September of 2008. Ecological safety of coastal and shelf zones and comprehensive use of shelf resources: Collected scientific papers(20): 293 - 300.

Nesterova D.A., Terenko L.M., Terenko G.V., 2006. In: North-Western part of the Black Sea: biology and ecology, Naukova dumka, Kiev: 557-576.

Ozturk B., 1998. Black Sea Biological Diversity, Turkey. Black Sea Environmental Series, Vol. 9, United Nations Publication, New York, 144 pp.

Petranu_A.,_1997. Black Sea Biological Diversity, Romania. Black Sea Environmental Series, Vol. 4, United Nations Publication, New York, 315 pp.

Polikarpov_I.G._et_al.,_2003. Microplankton biological diversity in the Black Sea coastal zone near Sevastopol (2001-2003). In Eremeev V.N., Gaevskaya A.V. (ed.): Modern condition of biological diversity in near-shore zone of Crimea (the Black sea sector), Ekosi-Gidrophizika, Sevastopol, Ch. 1: 16-42.

Ryabushko L.I., 2003. Potentially harmful microalgae of the Azov and Black Sea basin. EKOSI-Gidrofizika, Sevastopol, 288 pp.

Senicheva M.I., 2008. Species diversity, seasonal and annual variability of plankton microalgae near Crimea coast. In: The Black Sea microalgae: problems of biodiversity preservation and biotechnological usage, publisher, address, Ch. I: 5-18.

Senichkina L.G. et al., 2001. Species diversity of Black Sea phytoplankton in the southeastern coast of Crimea. Karadag: History, biology, archaeology. In: Collection of papers dedicated to 85th anniversary of Karadag Scientific Station, Sonat, Simferopol: 119-125.

Sukhanova I. N., Belyaeva T. V., 1980. Species composition, distribution and diurnal changes in phytoplankton of the Black Sea in October of 1978. In: Pelagical ecosystems of the Black Sea, Nauka, M.: 65 - 91.

Sukhanova I. N. & A. Ye. Cheban, 1990. Heterotrophic phytoplankton of the Black Sea in the early spring development of the phytocenosis. Oceanology, Vol. 30(6): 724–792.

O.Yasakova,_2010. Phytoplankton of the northern-eastern part of Black Sea 1995 - 2009. Personal list.

Zaitsev_Y._P._&_B._G._Alexandrov,_1998. Black Sea Biological Diversity, Ukraine. Black Sea Environmental Series, Vol. 7, United Nations Publication, New York, 351 pp.

	List based on literature analysis
	List extracted from database
	List extracted from published paper, which is based on monitoring(scientific) research of scientist(s) and includes analysis of real collected data
	Personal list, based on monitoring(scientific research) of scientist (not published as article)
	Identification book

Last revision on 20-05-2013